Ancor Worm Disease (Shaped Anchor Worm Disease)
Are aquatic arthropods including crustaceans that attach themselves to the skin of fish, where it absorbs body fluids of worms of fish. These parasites can be seen throughout the year, especially in water having a temperature above 15o Celsius. Other, more popular name is Flea Needles.
Symptoms:
o Often jump in surface water
o Often pressed tubuhkan on the wall or the bottom of the pond
o Parasitic worms approximately 5-10mm are prominent on the body
Treatment Method:
o Eliminate manually by pull out one by one by wearing a brace / tweezers
o For the larvae are still small, it can be eradicated with a sprinkling of drugs Masoten to koi ponds, with a size of 0.3-0.5 grams / 1 ton of pool water. If once the treatment has not been completed, it can be repeated up to 3 times with intervals of 1-2 weeks
Fishlice Disease (Diseases of Fish Lice)
The disease is caused by water fleas that live on the surface of the body. Various parasites several millimeters in length of fish moving around the body. These parasites cause red spots in various places by sucking blood and various wounds inflicted this leads to secondary microbial infections.
Symptoms:
o Koi show abnormal swimming patterns, such as jumping onto the surface of the water
o rub his body on the side and bottom of the pool
o Gathered near the water surface with a tail appeared on the surface
Treatment Method:
o Giving Demilin with a dose of 1 gram / tonne of pool water
o Giving Masoten dose 0.3-0.5 grams / ton of pool water
o Both methods can be repeated 2-3 times with intervals of 1-2 weeks
Abrasion (Diseases Caused Friction)
The disease is caused by bacterial infections that occur coincidentally during transport are not careful or during arrest are not careful with the way the fish.
Symptoms:
o Lack of slime can reduce the sheen of koi and raises its mark on the pectoral fins and tail fins that look whitish
Treatment Method:
o Be cautious at the time of arrest or removal of the koi, to avoid injury to the body koi
o Adding furan drugs in water used to raise koi. Fish younger than one year are very prone to friction and temperature
MATSUKASA / PENECONE (Cone Shaped Disease)
Some causes of this disease is a bacterial infection like Aeromonas and non-functioning of the internal organs.
Symptoms:
o fish scales seen standing on end one by one, caused by the excessive collection of body fluids at the bottom. Therefore "Matsukasa" in Japanese means dalah Pine Cones
Treatment Method:
o The disease is extremely difficult to treat, but likely can be treated through the mouth of the fish, ie kind of sulfa drugs or antibiotics
HOLE DISEASE (Disease Shaped Hole)
The disease is caused by double infection on Aeromonas and other places.
Symptoms:
o In the beginning, some scales seen standing on end
o When the increase is severe, the scales will fall and the local skin peeled off, exposing the flesh the bottom, like a gaping hole
Treatment Method:
o Provision of Malachite Green and Parazan, by mixing 0.3 ppm / ton water
o Clean the affected part by applying a Malachite Green
o Provide fish food mixed with Parazan
white spot (White Spot Disease)
The disease is caused by Parasitic ciliates called Lehthyoplithitius
Symptoms:
o The spots are small, white less than 1 mm attached on the surface of koi
o Koi is infected becomes inactive and susceptible to secondary infections
Treatment Method:
o Provision of salt 5 kg / ton of pool water
o Or by giving temperatures above 25o Celsius (with heater)
CHOMAN
Some people argue that this disease is caused by excessive feeding that contain lots of fat. But the real cause until now not known with certainty.
Symptoms:
o Regional abnormally swollen belly
o eyeballs starting out of their sockets
o The tumor in the abdomen is usually detected through abdominal surgery
Treatment Method:
o In Japan, the disease is treated by surgery, something that can not be done by an amateur hobbyist koi
SEKOKE (Sunset Ridge Disease)
This disease is a disease caused by nutritional gurang ingestion of oxidized fats. It usually occurs in Koi food that is damaged (too long stored / expired)
Symptoms:
o Backs koi are affected, looked thin when meat on the second dorsal fin drooping
Treatment Method:
o Early prevention by not feeding the koi fish that has been expired
o Wherever possible provide koi food containing vitamin E
PARALIS Spine
This disease is a form of chemical poisoning, the Mass use of mixed materials for membasmii OrganoPhosporus excessive needle lice or fish lice.
Symptoms:
o If the muscles of the spine affected, seen eating fish sink to the bottom of the koi pond or berputas swim in circles at the moment
o crooked spine, which can result in more severe cases
Treatment Method:
o How to prevent by taking into account the correct dose at the time of drug administration needle ticks
GILLS rot
A disease that causes decay in the gills of fish caused by the fungus moss.
Symptoms:
o Fish lose weight, then die
o If a fish looks suspicious, immediately retrieved and examined gill
o If the gills grayish red in color, many of which gripis, it was a sign of fish attacked
Treatment Method:
o Giving antibiotics Teramycin a dose of 20 grams / ton of pool water
o Replacement of water per day coupled with the replacement of antibiotics will help accelerate the healing process
CLOSING
Early prevention is best done by the koi keepers. Given the relatively expensive price, the fans would need to consider all matters relating to:
o Water quality
o Food Koi
o Some diseases that may arise
Immediately ask the experts in the field of koi, if you see things that feel unnatural occurred in koi. Given there are some diseases that are difficult to cure, it is better if we discuss or exchange experiences to fellow koi keepers, who may have had experience in dealing with a disease.
(Source: Books APKI - 3rd All Indonesian Koi Show 2001)
Minggu, 31 Juli 2011
Senin, 04 Juli 2011
Fish Farming Koi (Cyprinus carpio)
Koi Fish belongs to the class of carp fish (carp). Price Koi is determined by body shape and color display quality. Koi fish first became known in the Chin dynasty in 265 and 316 AD. Koi with beautiful color and behavior as we know it today, was developed in Japan 200 years ago in the mountains of Niigata by farmers Yamakoshi. Breeding is done for many years produced the lineage that became the standard assessment of koi. Some varieties are spread throughout the world classified Koi Association of Japan (Nippon Airinkai en) into 13 groups, among others: Bekko, Utsurinomo, Asagi-Shusui, Goromo, Kawarimono, Ogon and Hikari-moyomono. While the five main groups namely Kohaku, Sanke, Showa, Hirarinuji and Kawarigoi. Taxonomy koi are as follows: Philum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cyprinoformes Family: Cyprinidae Genus: Cyprinus Species: Carpio Koi value depends on the size, shape and balance of the pattern and intensity of skin color. Koi is best to have the intensity, the best color balance and clarity. Buy small koi should be selected that has the biggest head, will usually grow into fish with a large body. The best shape is like a "torpedo".
1. Site selection & construction container Koi fish live naturally in the rushing water and thus require clear water and high oxygen levels. Maintenance of the best koi in the pond is so easy to get natural foods and sunlight to stimulate the body staining. Swimming partly dinaungai because of too much sun causes the water temperature increases and swimming pool water becomes cloudy due to blooming of phytoplankton. Small koi can be placed in an aquarium, although it can not be a permanent habitat.When kept in groups, the koi would learn not to disturb the fish of the same size, but eat smaller fish. Koi like to dig the pond, causing damage plant roots.
2. Cultivation Techniques 2.1 Water Quality Water is the medium of life and affect the display quality koi fish that need attention.Water quality to support the development of optimum koi are as follows: v Water temperature ranges from 24-26oC, v pH 7.2 to 7.4 (mildly alkaline) v at least 3-5 ppm oxygen, v max 10 ppm CO2, nitrite max v 0.2. Water used must terdeklorinisasi or filtered and precipitated 24 hours. Water used for spawning and hatching eggs should have the oxygen content and temperature stable.To ensure the availability of oxygen can be used aerator, while the bath temperature at spawning cultivated together with the pool water temperature to the level difference (fluctuation) of less than 5oC.
2.2. Feed Koi are bottom feeders (eating at the base) and omnivorous (eating everything).Artificial feed for the rearing of koi can be given in the form of granules (pellets). The main protein source is the formulation of a combination of plant materials (eg soy flour, corn flour, wheat flour, wheat leaves, etc.) and animal material (such as fish meal, shrimp head meal, squid meal, oyster, etc.) as well as multivitamins and minerals such as Ca , Mg, Zn, Fe, Co as supplementary feed.
Feed quality will determine the color display as the appeal of its own koi fish, so a lot of effort has been made by using feed ingredients that contain substances such pigments carotene (orange), regular (yellow) and astasantin (red). These substances are contained in the body of animals and certain plants such as carrots contain carotene, while algae, chlorella, cabbage, green peppers contain routine; spirulina, crab, shrimp contain astasantin. The farmers now no longer need to prepare their own food because it is commercially available koi food that has been formulated in accordance with the needs of nutrients and substances for the formation of color koi fish. Natural food or live food such as blood worms, earthworms, daphnia, tubifex worms koi match on the given seed (up to weight 50 g / fish) because it is more easily digested by the seed in accordance with the conditions of the digestive system, but it can also take phitoplankton koi in the pond . The amount of feed given based on the number of fish (weight biomass) in the pool with a range of needs of 3-5% per day, with a frequency of 2-3 times per day it is well adapted to the conditions of fish and water media maintenance.
2.3. Seeding A good parent is to have a bright color patterns vary symmetrical body shape like a torpedo with a minimum weight of 1 kg. Most farmers prefer to buy good quality koi for the prospective parent with a size of 5-8 cm of low-cost to be raised to the parent. Naturally, carp spawn in spring and mature gonads by raising the temperature of the water. Male and female parent are placed in separate containers (to avoid unwanted spawn) and not fed for several days. Koi can spawn naturally and artificial stimulation of the hormone that is injected in the mother's body to speed up the process of fertilization. Injecting Pituitary Gland (PG, ovaprim trade name) with a dose of 0.2 mg / kg weight of fish for one-time injection. Ovulation will occur 10 hours after injection. Spawning system without sorting / stripping is called semi-natural spawning is more secure because without injuring the fish. If the fish are spawning naturally difficult to do so that should help the process of artificial fertilization, the egg and sperm sorting carried out (stripping) which is the last option. Parent in a single spawning females can produce 75,000 eggs / kg body weight.Comparison of the number of parent in the process of spawning is 2 females and 1 male. Usually eggs by the female parent dikelurkan attached to the substrate (injuk) which immediately fertilized by male sperm. After the fertilized eggs should be separated from the parent, the parent of the container by moving or otherwise spawning egg is removed and transferred into the hatching container.
2.4. Nursery The fertilized egg will hatch after 24-48 hours depending on temperature. During hatching, egg density is 1 kg per 5 liters of water. The newly hatched larvae do not require feeding for 3-4 days, because they still have a yolk sac. Towards the yolk out, need to be given natural feed or feed artemia naupli other natural size. Then gradually be given artificial feed in the form of dry granules (pellets). Within 5 days after a million larvae require 7 kg of brine, or about 0.5 to 2 kg per day. At this stage larvae are stocked at density of 20-40 larvae / liter. To produce one million fingerlings requires approximately 25kg artemia eggs. For 9-day survival rate is 50-80%. The fish that weighed 10 mg can be sold for U.S. $ 0.25 or about Rp. 2.500, -. Larvae weighing 0.25 g is given artificial feed (grain) dry and can didederkan into the pool until fingerling size (2 grams). Nursery is divided into two phases, namely nursery I care for 2 months until the larvae reach fingerling size (2-3 cm). Nursery II, conducted in the treated pool to grow natural food and the selection and thinning (reduced density).Thinning aims to provide sufficient space for the koi. Selection aim to get good quality Koi fish. The time required from egg to reach fingerling size (2 grams) is 6-8 weeks with the survival rate (SR) 55%. Meanwhile, to achieve the necessary size of 5-8 cm in four months time. Quality koi (pattern and color) depend from tetuanya. From the selection of fingerling size, which reached 25-50% reject rate. Than 1 million eggs can be produced 225000-338000 tail of good quality fingerlings (22-33%).
2.5. Coloration Quality Koi is determined by the color pattern, the suitability types of koi and color clarity. Color pattern that is symmetrical with clear boundaries between colors indicate good quality. Genotyping to determine the number and types of pigment cells and chromatophores.Chromatophores produce color also influenced the fish brain. Fish tend to be dark in dark container, and vice versa. Colors can be changed when the fish was under pressure (stress). Usually slow-growing fish have a better color than the fish that grow rapidly because the pigment can be modified and used for body growth. All his life, koi can save and use the pigment. Young koi are colored pale pigmented feed when given for 6 weeks before the sale will attract colorful. The intensity of color depends on the amount of pigment in the chromatophores. Pigment can appear in the presence of carotenoids in the feed.
2.6. Pre Harvest Koi grow about 2 cm per month and at the age of 60 years can reach lengths of up to 1 m. When Koi fish has reached market size of 20 cm can be harvested and made the final selection, by separating the type, size and color pattern of his body. From the results of this selection, the selected Koi grew up in the tub or cement pool while waiting for a good market price. In this final camp, fish could be improved in shape, if made too fat or too skinny slender made fatter. Subsequent maintenance of cultivated not too dense, it would be better if the vessel is equipped aerator so that the freshness of the water is assured and with a good feeding can improve the quality of Koi fish body color.
Sumber: http://www.perikanan-budidaya.go.id/detail_berita_fr.php?id=215
1. Site selection & construction container Koi fish live naturally in the rushing water and thus require clear water and high oxygen levels. Maintenance of the best koi in the pond is so easy to get natural foods and sunlight to stimulate the body staining. Swimming partly dinaungai because of too much sun causes the water temperature increases and swimming pool water becomes cloudy due to blooming of phytoplankton. Small koi can be placed in an aquarium, although it can not be a permanent habitat.When kept in groups, the koi would learn not to disturb the fish of the same size, but eat smaller fish. Koi like to dig the pond, causing damage plant roots.
2. Cultivation Techniques 2.1 Water Quality Water is the medium of life and affect the display quality koi fish that need attention.Water quality to support the development of optimum koi are as follows: v Water temperature ranges from 24-26oC, v pH 7.2 to 7.4 (mildly alkaline) v at least 3-5 ppm oxygen, v max 10 ppm CO2, nitrite max v 0.2. Water used must terdeklorinisasi or filtered and precipitated 24 hours. Water used for spawning and hatching eggs should have the oxygen content and temperature stable.To ensure the availability of oxygen can be used aerator, while the bath temperature at spawning cultivated together with the pool water temperature to the level difference (fluctuation) of less than 5oC.
2.2. Feed Koi are bottom feeders (eating at the base) and omnivorous (eating everything).Artificial feed for the rearing of koi can be given in the form of granules (pellets). The main protein source is the formulation of a combination of plant materials (eg soy flour, corn flour, wheat flour, wheat leaves, etc.) and animal material (such as fish meal, shrimp head meal, squid meal, oyster, etc.) as well as multivitamins and minerals such as Ca , Mg, Zn, Fe, Co as supplementary feed.
Feed quality will determine the color display as the appeal of its own koi fish, so a lot of effort has been made by using feed ingredients that contain substances such pigments carotene (orange), regular (yellow) and astasantin (red). These substances are contained in the body of animals and certain plants such as carrots contain carotene, while algae, chlorella, cabbage, green peppers contain routine; spirulina, crab, shrimp contain astasantin. The farmers now no longer need to prepare their own food because it is commercially available koi food that has been formulated in accordance with the needs of nutrients and substances for the formation of color koi fish. Natural food or live food such as blood worms, earthworms, daphnia, tubifex worms koi match on the given seed (up to weight 50 g / fish) because it is more easily digested by the seed in accordance with the conditions of the digestive system, but it can also take phitoplankton koi in the pond . The amount of feed given based on the number of fish (weight biomass) in the pool with a range of needs of 3-5% per day, with a frequency of 2-3 times per day it is well adapted to the conditions of fish and water media maintenance.
2.3. Seeding A good parent is to have a bright color patterns vary symmetrical body shape like a torpedo with a minimum weight of 1 kg. Most farmers prefer to buy good quality koi for the prospective parent with a size of 5-8 cm of low-cost to be raised to the parent. Naturally, carp spawn in spring and mature gonads by raising the temperature of the water. Male and female parent are placed in separate containers (to avoid unwanted spawn) and not fed for several days. Koi can spawn naturally and artificial stimulation of the hormone that is injected in the mother's body to speed up the process of fertilization. Injecting Pituitary Gland (PG, ovaprim trade name) with a dose of 0.2 mg / kg weight of fish for one-time injection. Ovulation will occur 10 hours after injection. Spawning system without sorting / stripping is called semi-natural spawning is more secure because without injuring the fish. If the fish are spawning naturally difficult to do so that should help the process of artificial fertilization, the egg and sperm sorting carried out (stripping) which is the last option. Parent in a single spawning females can produce 75,000 eggs / kg body weight.Comparison of the number of parent in the process of spawning is 2 females and 1 male. Usually eggs by the female parent dikelurkan attached to the substrate (injuk) which immediately fertilized by male sperm. After the fertilized eggs should be separated from the parent, the parent of the container by moving or otherwise spawning egg is removed and transferred into the hatching container.
2.4. Nursery The fertilized egg will hatch after 24-48 hours depending on temperature. During hatching, egg density is 1 kg per 5 liters of water. The newly hatched larvae do not require feeding for 3-4 days, because they still have a yolk sac. Towards the yolk out, need to be given natural feed or feed artemia naupli other natural size. Then gradually be given artificial feed in the form of dry granules (pellets). Within 5 days after a million larvae require 7 kg of brine, or about 0.5 to 2 kg per day. At this stage larvae are stocked at density of 20-40 larvae / liter. To produce one million fingerlings requires approximately 25kg artemia eggs. For 9-day survival rate is 50-80%. The fish that weighed 10 mg can be sold for U.S. $ 0.25 or about Rp. 2.500, -. Larvae weighing 0.25 g is given artificial feed (grain) dry and can didederkan into the pool until fingerling size (2 grams). Nursery is divided into two phases, namely nursery I care for 2 months until the larvae reach fingerling size (2-3 cm). Nursery II, conducted in the treated pool to grow natural food and the selection and thinning (reduced density).Thinning aims to provide sufficient space for the koi. Selection aim to get good quality Koi fish. The time required from egg to reach fingerling size (2 grams) is 6-8 weeks with the survival rate (SR) 55%. Meanwhile, to achieve the necessary size of 5-8 cm in four months time. Quality koi (pattern and color) depend from tetuanya. From the selection of fingerling size, which reached 25-50% reject rate. Than 1 million eggs can be produced 225000-338000 tail of good quality fingerlings (22-33%).
2.5. Coloration Quality Koi is determined by the color pattern, the suitability types of koi and color clarity. Color pattern that is symmetrical with clear boundaries between colors indicate good quality. Genotyping to determine the number and types of pigment cells and chromatophores.Chromatophores produce color also influenced the fish brain. Fish tend to be dark in dark container, and vice versa. Colors can be changed when the fish was under pressure (stress). Usually slow-growing fish have a better color than the fish that grow rapidly because the pigment can be modified and used for body growth. All his life, koi can save and use the pigment. Young koi are colored pale pigmented feed when given for 6 weeks before the sale will attract colorful. The intensity of color depends on the amount of pigment in the chromatophores. Pigment can appear in the presence of carotenoids in the feed.
2.6. Pre Harvest Koi grow about 2 cm per month and at the age of 60 years can reach lengths of up to 1 m. When Koi fish has reached market size of 20 cm can be harvested and made the final selection, by separating the type, size and color pattern of his body. From the results of this selection, the selected Koi grew up in the tub or cement pool while waiting for a good market price. In this final camp, fish could be improved in shape, if made too fat or too skinny slender made fatter. Subsequent maintenance of cultivated not too dense, it would be better if the vessel is equipped aerator so that the freshness of the water is assured and with a good feeding can improve the quality of Koi fish body color.
Sumber: http://www.perikanan-budidaya.go.id/detail_berita_fr.php?id=215
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